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细胞穿膜肽入胞检测方法概述

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摘要:迄今为止,已有多达上百种的细胞穿膜肽(cell-penetratingpeptides,CPPs)被发现报道,但这类多肽分子的入胞能力参差不齐,限制了其作为药物载体的应用。虽然已有多种实验方法可用于细胞穿膜肽入胞的检测,但由于缺乏通用的技术来确切证实CPPs的入胞能力,所以应当结合使用多种方法以降低误差。对不同的技术在检测CPPs入胞时的优缺点进行比较,并针对性地提出比较理想的解决方案,可为制订CPPs入胞标准化检测步骤提供一些参考。

关键词:细胞穿膜肽:荧光分析;电子显微镜;生物效应

中图分类号:Q819 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1007-7847(2015)01-0080-05

AnOverviewofDetectionMethodsofTransmembraneAbilityofCell-penetratingPeptides

YANGCheng-liang1,ZOULi-li2*

(1.ThePeople,sHospital,ChinaThreeGorgesUniversity,Yichang443002,Hubei,China;2.MedicalSchool,ChinaThree GorgesUniversity,Yichang443002,Hubei,China)

Abstract:Hundredsofcell-penetratingpeptides(CPPs)havebeenfoundandreported.Sincetheirtrans-membraneabilitiesareuneven,limitingtheirapplicationasthedrugcarriers,yetneedsomeeffectiveanaly?sistechniquestocompare.AlargenumberofexperimentscanbeusedtodetectthepenetratingabilitiesofCPPsintothecells,sincethereisnouniversalmethodcanconfirmthecapacity,avarietyofmethodsshouldbeusedinconjunctiontoreducetheerrors.ThuscomparingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofdifferentdetectiontechniquesofpenetratingabilitiesofCPPsintocellscanraisetheidealsolutioninordertostan-dardizethedetectionsteps.

Keywords:cell-penetratingpeptides;fluorescentanalysis;electronmicroscopes;biologicaleffect

(LifeScienceResearch,2015,19(1):080?084)

1965年,Ryser等研究发现哺乳动物细胞摄取组蛋白的速度是血清白蛋白的3000倍,并且血清白蛋白中加入组蛋白后能显著提高肿瘤细胞摄取血清白蛋白的能力(50倍),这是研究史上首例关于多肽分子能协助生物活性分子穿过细胞脂质双分子层的报道[1]。1994年,这种具有穿膜能力的多肽分子被正式命名为细胞膜穿透肽(cell-pene-tratingpeptides.CPPs)或蛋白转导结构域(proteintransductiondomains,PTDs)[2]。CPPs是具有细胞膜穿透能力的小分子多肽,能携带生物活性物质进入细胞内,既不影响转导物质的生物活性也不会损伤细胞,是一种非常理想的运载工具。但CPPs的入胞能力参差不齐,限制了其作为药物载体的应用,因而需要一些确切的手段对CPPs进行筛选、比较。许多课题组在评估CPPs穿膜时,都有自己最优先的方法,但这些方法是否最适宜却值得考量。本文拟比较不同的技术检测CPPs穿膜的优缺点,并针对缺陷提出比较理想的解决方案,以期为CPPs穿膜标准化检测进程提供一些参考。

1荧光分析

荧光分析法是评估cpps穿膜最常见的方法。多肽分子首先用荧光素标记,然后通过不同的技术手段对穿膜效率进行检测,包括荧光显微镜观察、高效液相色谱法、荧光激活细胞分选术、荧光光谱测定法。如Fischer等成功应用荧光显微镜比较了来源于果蝇触角基因同源结构域蛋白(antennapediahomeodomainprotein,AntpHD)的多肽分子与来源于卡波氏瘤成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor,FGF)的膜上转移序列(membrane trans-locatingsequence,MTS)的入胞效率,结果显示AntpHD来源的多肽分子是FGF来源的多肽分子穿膜效率的3~4倍[3]。尽管所有的荧光分析技术都能检测CPPs的穿膜,但需要注意的是考虑到荧光可能粘附在细胞表面,因此即使检测到荧光基团的摄取也不能直接等同于多肽分子的穿膜。此外,某些荧光基团可能会对多肽分子的穿膜效率及胞内分布产生影响[3-5](表1)。

1.1荧光显微镜观察

使用荧光显微镜除了能提供CPPs的穿膜信息以外,它的另一个优势是能够利用白光下的细胞形态及染色(例如碘化丙啶)情况来确定细胞活性,因为只有细胞膜受损的细胞才能被染色。2001年以前,研究者利用荧光显微镜探讨CPPs的穿膜机制时都是观察多肽分子进入固定细胞的情况。然而,Lundberg等发现由于荧光显微镜并不能分辨多肽分子是结合在细胞膜上还是进入细胞内,因而一定程度上影响了结果的准确性[6]。近年来新兴的共聚焦显微镜因其具有完整显示活细胞聚焦平面的能力,弥补了荧光显微镜观察的技术缺陷如Richard等成功利用共聚焦显微镜观察到TAT及多聚精氨酸(polyarginine)进入细胞内并主要定位于细胞核[7],因而特别推荐荧光显微镜配合使用共聚焦显微镜进行观察,能准确地对CPPs进行亚细胞定位,使得对CPPs穿膜的检测更具说服力。Jones等成功应用共聚焦显微镜结合荧光显微镜观察了antennapadia(Antp)及TAT的穿膜情况,结果显示两者均穿膜进入了细胞内,并且穿膜作用是脂筏依赖的内吞作用而非网格蛋白依赖的内吞作用[4]。 [6]LUNDBERG M. JOHANSSON M. Is VP22 nuclear homing an artifact?[J]. Nature Biotechnology,2001,19(8):713-714.

[7]RICHARD J P. MELIKOV K, VIVES E, et al. Cell-penetrating peptides, a reevaluation of the mechanism of cellular up take[J]. Journal of Biology Chemistry, 2003, 278(1): 585-590.

[8]ADAMS S R, TSIEN R Y. Imaging the influx of cell-penetrating peptides into the cytosol of individual cells. Handbook of cell penetrating peptides (U. Langel, Ed.) [M]. Boca Raton:CRC Press.2006.505-512.

[9]ADAMS S R. TSIEN R Y. Preparation of the memljrane-permeant biarsenicals FlAsH-EDT2 and ReAsH-EDT2 for fluo rescent labeling of tetracysteine-tagged proteins[J|. Nature Protocol, 2008. 3(9):1527-1534.

[10]OEHLKE J. SCHELLER A, WIESNER B,et d. Cellular up-take of an alpha-helical amphipathic model peptide with the potential to deliver polar compounds into the cell Interior non-endocytically[J]. Biochimiea et Biophysica Acta,1998,1414(1-2):127-139.

[11]PALM C, JAYAMANNE M, KJELLANDER M,et al. Peptide degradation is a critical determinant for cell penetrating pep tide uptake [J]. Biochimiea et Biophysica Acta, 2007, 1768(7): 1769-1776.

[12]LUNDIN P. JOHANSSON H,GUTERSTAM P,et al. Distinct uptake routes of cell-penetrating peptide conjugates[J]. Bioconjugate Chemistry,2008, 19(12):2535-2542.

[13]SAALIK P. PADARI K. NIINEP A,et al. Protein delivery with transportans is mediated by caveolae rather than flotillin dependent pathways[J] Bioconjugate Chemistry,2009.20(5):877-887.

[14]PADARI K, SAALIK P, HANSEN M, et cd. Cell transduction pathways of transportans [J]. Bioconjugate Chemistry,2005,16(6):1399-1410.

[15]ELMQUIST A, LANGEL O. In Vitro uptake and stability study of pVEC and its all-D analog[J]. Biology Chemistry,2003,384(3):387-393.

[16]BUKLINA F, SAGAN S, BOLBACH G, el al. Quantification of the cellular uptake of cell penetrating peptides by MALDI -TOF mass spectrometiy[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edilioii Kn-land.2005.44(27):4244-4247.

[17]MAE M, EL ANDALOUSSI S, LUNDIN P. et al. A steaiylated CPP for delivery of splice correcting oligonucleotides using a non-covalent co-incubation strategy [J]. Journal of Control Release,2009,134(3):221-227.

[18]ABES S, MOULTON H M, CLAIR P, et cd. Vectorization of morpholino oligomers by the (R-Ahx-R)4 peptide allows efficient splicing correction 217 comparison of CPP uptake methods in the absence of endosomolytic agents[J]. Journal of Con?trol Release,2006,116(3):304-313. [19]ABES R, MOULTON H M. CLAIR P, et al. Delivery of steric block morpholino oligomers by (R-X-R)4 peptides: structure- aetivity studies[J]. Nucleic Acids Research,2008,36(20):6343-6354.

[20]LEHTO T, ABES R, OSKOLKOV N, et al. Delivery of nucleic acids with a stearylated (RxR)(4) peptide using a non-covalent co-incubation strategy[J]. Journal of Control Release,2010. 141(1):42-51.

[21]KANG S H, CHO M J, KOLE R. Up―regulation of luciferase gene expression with antisense oligonucleotides: implications and applications in functional assay development [J]. Biochem-istry,1998,37(18):6235-6239.

[22]El ANDALOUSSI S,GUTERSTAM P. LANGEL U.Assessing the delivery efficacy and internalization route of cell-penetrat?ing peptides [J]. Nature Protocol,2007,2(8):2043-2047.

[23]WADIA J S, STAN R V, DOWDY S F. Transducible TAT-HA fusogenic peptide enhances escape of TAT-fusion proteins after lipid raft macropinocytosis[J]. Nature Medicine, 2004,10(3):310-315.

[24]AROUI S, BRAHIM S, DE WAARI)M,et al. Efficient induc?tion of apoptosis by doxorubicin coupled to cell penetrating peptides compared to unconjugated doxorubicin in the Iiuman breast cancer cell line MDA-MB 231[J]. Cancer Letter, 2009,285(1):28-38.

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